What is sepsis and its diagnosis?

 

What is Sepsis or Septicemia? 

Sepsis is a severe bloodstream infection that can be life-threatening.   It is also known as septicemia. It is the body's systemic inflammatory response to the infection in another part of the body or blood poisoning. The principal infection foci of sepsis can be infections of the kidney, digestive system, and lungs. If left untreated, it can swiftly worsen into a life-threatening illness known as sepsis shock, resulting in multiple organ failure and death.

In actuality, sepsis is the most difficult nosocomial infection globally. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1.7 million Americans have sepsis infection over their lifetime, and nearly 270 000 Americans die from sepsis. Additionally, sepsis is the main factor in people who are seriously ill and hospitalized and die prematurely. The main factor complicating every attempt to combat diseases is rising antibiotic resistance.

To avoid deadly septic shock and improve the survival rate for sepsis, prompt diagnosis and the beginning of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy are necessary. In addition,  a significant financial burden is also placed on patients and healthcare systems to manage severe sepsis or septic shock, which frequently necessitates prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) care. Furthermore, fighting against sepsis infection has become more difficult due to the rise in global antibiotic resistance.

Diagnostic Tests for Sepsis:

Sepsis diagnosis is frequently challenging due to its confusing nature and necessitates extensive clinical investigations. Therefore, a sepsis condition must be confirmed by several diagnostic tests. The initial evaluation is aided by obtaining the patient's medical history and carefully examining the sepsis symptoms and signs at the time of presentation. Additionally, identifying predisposing factors, including trauma, surgery, organ transplantation, past infection or signs of sepsis, enables the identification of sources like lung, kidney, and digestive system infections.

However, only a microbiological culture of blood, urine, pus or other body fluid specimens may be used to confirm sepsis disease diagnosis clinically. This is done to determine the type of microbial infection present. Besides, an antimicrobial susceptibility test must also be carried out to evaluate the pattern of sensitivity to particular antibiotics. It helps the doctor select a patient's appropriate and rational antibiotic for sepsis treatment. At the same time,  it is essential to perform hemograms and studies of sepsis biomarkers, procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to correctly assess sepsis severity.

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