CentraBiohub

  T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a specific type of white blood cells (WBCs) that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response of the human body. They help protect the body from various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and diseases. T cells also maintain immunological balance in the body, but their dysfunction can lead to autoimmune or inflammatory disorders. In human body T cells and B cells play a major role in modulating immune responses. Nowadays, researchers focus on advanced studies of T cell isolates from blood to better understand the pathophysiology of immunological diseases, cancers, infectious diseases, and more.  Functions of T cells in immunity regulation: T cells play a critical role in defending the body against infections and diseases and are fundamental for the functioning and regulating of a healthy immune system. There are various T cell subtypes, and each has a distinct purpose. Helper T cells (CD4+): These cells aid in activating ot...

  B cells are a critical type of white blood cells (WBCs) that play a vital role in the immune system. They originate in the bone marrow and are responsible for regulating the humoral immune response, leading to the creation of antibodies that attack foreign substances in the body. B lymphocytes are identified by specific antibodies on their surface, allowing them to recognize and attach to antigens, such as proteins or sugars on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Researchers are conducting advanced studies on B cell isolates from blood to investigate the pathophysiology of various immunological diseases and cancers.  Mechanism of B cell-mediated production of antibodies. When B cells recognize an antigen, they undergo an activation process, which triggers their division and differentiation into plasma cells. These plasma cells then release large quantities of antibodies into the bloodstream to neutralize the antigen. This process is known as the humoral immune...

  The uniqueness of genetic makeup of every human necessitates strengthening of translational and precision medicine research on human cells. Such research is crucial to identifying personalized treatments for various human diseases. Cytology, also known as human cell biology or human cell research, is the branch of science that involves studying and experimenting on human cells. Cytology testing is commonly used to diagnose, screen, and study diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and rare medical conditions. Human cells are typically isolated from bodily fluids such as urine samples, tissue scrapings from cervical smears or biopsy samples, fine-needle aspirations, or cerebrospinal fluid tapping for disease diagnosis, monitoring, or research purposes.  We offer a wide range of human cells, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), blood cells, primary cells, and other high-quality cell products to facilitate experimental research for creating next-generation...

  The components and organs of the body must communicate with each other to maintain constant homeostasis. The nerve and endocrine systems work together and complement each other to ensure proper communication and functioning. As the agent of the endocrine system, hormones control the development, growth, and metabolism of the body. What are Hormones? Hormones are a class of signalling molecules produced by endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary gland, gonads, parathyroid glands,  and thyroid gland. Hormones are released into the bloodstream by their respective glands to affect distant target cells. The binding of a hormone to the matching receptor triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions that typically results in a modification of gene transcription. Hormone synthesis and secretion must be closely regulated to keep the body in homeostasis and react to environmental changes. What are Endocrine Disorders? Endocrine disorders occur w...

  Endemic infectious diseases are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Tropical diseases are caused by multiple pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites which are transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, and flies. Chikungunya, Dengue fever, and West Nile virus are examples of such endemic infectious diseases in the tropics. The (sub-)tropical climate, with warm temperatures and high humidity, creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of pathogens. The diseases cause a variety of symptoms including fever, joint pain, fatigue, and skin rash. In severe cases, tropical diseases can lead to organ failure or even cause death. Tropical diseases can have long-lasting effects on individuals. Diagnosis of Chikungunya, Dengue, and West Nile virus is typically performed with antibody-based assays and rapid-diagnostic tests. Furthermore, molecular tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are utilized to identify the ...

  Hepatitis is a disease that affects more than 300 million individuals worldwide. A characteristic feature of hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, which, in most cases, is caused by a viral infection with one of the hepatovirus family variants (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E). Symptoms range from fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal pain to loss of appetite and are typical for all hepatitis subtypes. However, each of the variants possesses individual characteristics, especially different routes of transmission, courses of the disease, available options for treatment, and possible preventive measures. Hepatitis A virus (HAV), for example, is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water. Fortunately, most individuals recover fully without the need for any specific treatment. To prevent infection in the long term, individuals can get vaccinated with a series of two shots. As biomedical research advances, efforts have been made to create new vaccines. By applying genetic en...

  Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and affects thousands of people worldwide each year. Symptoms range from fever and fatigue to joint pain and neurological complications. As biomedical research continues, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of infection with Lyme disease and borreliosis and improvements in diagnostic tools and new treatment strategies. Recent biomedical research has made significant progress in understanding Lyme disease and Lyme borreliosis. Several studies have investigated the complex interactions between the host immune system and Borrelia burgdorferi with the aim of identifying immune responses that enable bacterial persistence and pathogenesis. According to a study by Teijaro et al. (2022), B cells play a crucial role in immune evasion by the bacterium. The researchers were able to demonstrate that the loss of specific B cell populations impaired the host's ability to control ...

  The American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) is an international scientific organization of healthcare professionals dedicated to clinical laboratory science and its role in healthcare. The AACC provides a platform for laboratory professionals like clinical chemists, pathologists, researchers, and other healthcare professionals to them networking opportunities for collaborations, knowledge exchange, and advancing the field of laboratory medicine in general. With a wide focus on various branches related to clinical chemistry like laboratory testing, diagnostics, research, and patient care, the AACC facilitates advancements in laboratory medicine through education, publications in journals, conferences, and events as well as professional development opportunities. The Association advocates for the importance of precise and reliable laboratory testing regarding related consequences for healthcare decision-making and patient management. Taking place in Anaheim, CA in 2023, ...

  The world has seen multiple pandemics and epidemics in the last century. Despite diverse advances in medicine and science, we are still confronted with novel infections that endanger human life and pose problems to the healthcare systems and the economy worldwide. Although coronaviruses are zoonotic, mutations can cause adaptation that allows for the infection of humans . The respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh observed coronavirus that is able to infect humans and led to a major worldwide pandemic: COVID-19. The most commonly occurring symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, respiratory symptoms, limb pain, as well as changes in taste and smell. The pandemic led to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With its ability to mutate quickly, SARS-CoV-2 constantly threatened to evolve new pathogenic variants. Through extensive research, the understanding of the disease unfolded as the pandemic progressed and allowed for the development and licensing of multiple vaccines...

  Neurological disorders are a broad category of illnesses that are caused by damage to the central nervous system or the brain. These disorders can result in physical or mental dysfunction and can affect people of all ages and genders. However, these disorders are exceptionally high among the elderly population. Some common neurological disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral aneurysm, epilepsy, autism, cerebral palsy, and neuromuscular disorders. Cause of neurological disorders The causes of neurological disorders can vary widely, but some common factors contribute to these conditions' development. Some of these include genetic disorders, a family history of neurological disorders, congenital disorders, infections, brain injury, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, accidents, malnutrition, premature birth, brain tumours, chemical exposure, spinal cord injury, and nerve injury. Additionally, there are cases of neurological diseases that de...

  In modern biomedical research and medical practice, laboratory examination of human biological fluids plays a critical role. This includes various types of body fluids generated by the human body, such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluids, plasma, serum, saliva, sweat, and mucus. Assessing human body fluids quantitatively and qualitatively provides vital information for diagnosing disease states and accurately detecting abnormalities in an individual's physiological processes. It also helps doctors develop logical treatment plans based on evidence-based medicine and effectively monitor patients' clinical outcomes. Moreover, the study of human biological specimens assists in creating innovative clinical solutions and making informed clinical decisions. By analysing the sudden onset, progression, nature, and pathophysiology of various human diseases, such as rare autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, tumours, certain cancers, and genetic abnormalities, researchers can acc...

  Steps to prepare Human Tissue Samples Human tissue research has relied heavily on well-preserved and thoroughly characterised banked tissue samples for many years. But how are these human tissue specimens prepared and gathered? Let's examine the journey of human tissue for research in more detail. Modern biomedical research primarily focuses on experimental and evidence-based clinical research to achieve high clinical value and accuracy for the research outcome. Against this background, human tissue samples are priceless to current research.  As a first step in preparing research samples, human tissue sampling is done from patients during clinical or diagnostic procedures, such as biopsies or surgeries to treat particular disease conditions. Following collection, tissue samples are processed and submitted to a certified clinical pathologist for pathological examination, followed by a series of diagnostic tests. The leftover tissue samples are converted to ffpe tissue blocks ...

  One of the most contagious human infections recorded in history is Covid-19, which is prevalent today. SARS-CoV-2 is a mutated strain of coronaviruses that can infect people of any age. It is the causative organism for this great havoc that affected millions of people across the globe.   The likelihood of contracting a severe COVID-19 infection is significantly greater in those 60 years old or older, those living in nursing homes or long-term care facilities, and those with other medical conditions. The World Health Organization declared Covid-19 a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, due to its high infection and mortality rates. Symptoms of Covid-19 Infection: Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can exhibit a range of clinical presentations, from no symptoms to a life-threatening condition requiring hospitalization. The following categories can usually be used to classify the magnitude of the infection in adults with SARS CoV 2 infection. According to the results of the major...